Personality, Motivation, and Cognition Laboratory

Scientific objectives:

1. To gain an increased understanding of the ways in which personality and situational determinants of motivation combine to influence motivational states, and how these motivational states in turn affect cognitive processes to determine cognitive performance.
2. To understand the structure of human personality at multiple levels of analysis, including within individual, between individual, and between self selected aggregates of individuals.

Methods:

1. Experimental studies of the effect of various motivational manipulations on cognitive performance
2. Web based data collection using Synthetic Aperture Personality Assessment (SAPA) techniques to examine the structure of large number of temperament, ability, and interest items from people around the world.
3. Using other telemetric techniques to examine the structure of affect, cognition and desire as they relate to behavior within individuals across time.
4. Development of open source programs and materials to facilitate these goals.

PMC Personnel

Faculty

• William Revelle

  Graduate Students

  • Joshua Wilt
  • David Condon
  • Ashley Brown
  • Jason A. French

  Former graduate students involved with the PMC lab

• Kaimy Oehlberg, 2013, Temporal Analysis of Attentional Bias Assessment and Modification
• Ben Schalet, 2011, Intellect, Openness, and Absorption: An Exploratory Study of Structure and Links to Psychopathology.
• Iftah Yovel 2002, Anxiety-Related Attentional Biases in the Spatial and Temporal Dimensions
• Eshkol Rafaeli, 2001, Cognitive mediation and affect: Understanding affective synchrony 2001
• Erin Baehr, 2000, Circadian Phase-Delaying Effects of Nocturnal Exercise in Older and Young Adults
• Wendi Born, 1999 The Effect of Workshop Groups on Achievement Goals and Performance in Biology: An Outcome Evaluation
• Scott Acton, 1999 Interpersonal theory and circumplex structure
• Joanne Langly, 1997 Parental Loss in Childhood and Vulnerability Toward Expectation of Interpersonal Loss
• Douglas Billings, 1997 Individual Differences in Appetitive and Aversive Motivation Moderates Coping Efficacy in the Regulation of Daily Positive and Negative Affect
• Greg Rogers, 1997 Dysrhythmia and Dysphoria: A Biopsychosocial Model of Negative Mood States
• Kathy Nugent, 1996 Sustained attention deficits and their role in Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder
• Richard Gershon, 1996 The Effect of Individual Differences Variables on the Assessment of Ability for Computerized Adaptive Testing.
• Eva Gilboa, 1993 Duration of Emotions: Cognitive and Self-Report Measures
• Steve Sutton,1993 Personality and Appetitive Motivation: Individual Differences as the "Heart Beats to Reward"
• Peggy Weiler, 1992 Personality and Individual Differences in Sensitivity to Affectively Valenced Stimuli.
• Deb Loftus, 1991 Affect and Arousal in the study of Mood and Memory
• Angela Sabates, 1990 Test anxiety, feedback, and the speed/accuracy tradeoff
• Richard Zinbarg, 1989 Individual Differences In Instrumental Conditioning
• Mark Puchalski, 1988 Impulsivity, time of day and retention intervarl: interactive effects on cognitive performance
• Carolyn Tal, 1988 Intra- and Interhemispheric Dysfunction in Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders.
• Joseph Tal , 1987 Personality Traits and Prediction: Utilizing Latent Trait Theory in an Attempt to Increase the Validity of Traits.
• Marjorie Leon, 1985 Anxiety and Analogical Reasoning: An Investigation of Error Types.
• James Onken Solution time measures of processing strategies and cognitive ability in the solution of geometric analogies
• Thomas Rocklin, 1981 The effects of Personality, Absolute Difficulty and Relative Difficulty on Motivation and Performance: A Test of the Dynamic Theory of Achievement Motivation
• Kristen Anderson, 1981 Impulsivity, Caffeine, and Performance: A Comparison of Explanations for the Yerkes-Dodson Effect
• Lisa Simon, 1980 Individual Differences in Diurnal Rhythms, Attention, and Memory
• Fred Kravitz, 1980 Short-Term and Attention Deficits in Chronic, Medicated Schizophrenics
• Elisha Klirs, 1980 Individual Differences in Person Perception: Passive Versus Motivated Assimilation
• Yildiz Ozyurt, 1978 Effects of Short-Term Deprivation and External Cues on Light and Heavy Smokers.
• Kirby Gilliland, 1976 The Interactive Effect of Introversion-Extraversion With Caffeine Induced Arousal On Verbal Performance
• Edward Michaels, 1976 The cumulative motivational effects of success and failure as a function of task difficulty and achievement motivation
• Julie Hanback, 1976 Hypochondriasis: An Investigation of the Role of Heightened Sensitivity and Arousal
• Robert Prentky, 1975 Effects of Introversion/Extraversion, Caffeine, and Provocation On Affective Aggressive Behavior

Former undergraduate honors students

• Eric Smith (2011-2012)
• Jared Salsibury (2009-2010)
• Jackie Korpics (2008-2009)
• Samantha Holland (2007-2008)
• Anthony Evans (2006-2007)
• Melissa Liebert (2005-2006)
• Gregory Laun (2005)
• Kim Ferriman (2003)
• Neera Mehta (1998-1999)
• Rishi Agrawal (1997-1998)
• John Zelenski (1996)
• Michael Baumann (1996)
• Trent Moyer (1995-1996)
• Karen Gasper (1992)
• Jennifer Norton (1991)
• Amy Ulrich (1991)
• Margaret Bull Kovera (1988)
• Michael Andrykowski (1978)
• and many others whose web addresses I would love to find

Recent PMC Publications

• Revelle, W. and Wilt, J (2013) The general factor of personality: a general critique. Journal of Research in Personality, (in press)
• Smillie, L.D., Geaney, J., Wilt, J., Cooper, A.J., Revelle, W. (2013) Aspects of Extraversion are Unrelated to Pleasant Affective Reactivity: Further Examination of the Affective Reactivity Hypothesis. Journal of Research in Personality (in press)
• Wilson, S., Revelle, W. Stroud, C.B., & Durbin, C.E. (2012) A Confirmatory Bifactor Analysis of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Circumplex and Associations of Interpersonal Traits Across Multiple Relationship Contexts and Measures. Psychological Assessment, Dec 17, 2012.
• Revelle, W. (2013). psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research. R package version 1.3.2. http://personality-project.org/r, http://personality-project.org/r/psych.manual.pdf (This is the most recent release to CRAN.)
• Oehlberg, K. A., Revelle, W., and Mineka, S. (2012) Time-course of attention to negative stimuli: Negative affectivity, anxiety, or dysphoria. Emotion, 12 (5),943-959.
• Smillie, L. D., Cooper, A., Wilt, J., and Revelle, W. (2012). Do extraverts get more bang for the buck? refining the affective-reactivity hypothesis of extraversion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(2), 306-326.
• Revelle, W. (2012). Integrating personality, cognition and emotion: Putting the dots together? In Eysenck, M. W., Fajkowska, M., and Maruszewski, T., editors, Personality, cognition and emotion. Warsaw Lectures in Personality and Social Psychology, chapter 9, pages 157-177. Eliot Werner Publications, New York
• Wilt,J. Condon, D.M., Brown-Riddell,A. and Revelle,W. Fundamental Questions in Personality. European Journal of Personality, 2012
• Revelle W., Condon D.M., and Wilt J. (2012) Caffeine. In: V.S. Ramachandran (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, vol. 1, pp. 423-429. Academic Press.
• Saklofske D.H., Eysenck H.J., Eysenck S.B.G., Stelmack R.M., and Revelle W. (2012) Extraversion-Introversion. In: V.S. Ramachandran (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, vol. 2, pp. 150- 159. Academic Press.
• Swarat, S., Ortony, A., & Revelle, W. (2012). Activity matters: Understanding Student Interest in School Science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 49(4), 515-537.
• Revelle, W., Wilt, J., & Condon, D. (2011). Individual differences and differential psychology: A brief history and prospect. In Chamorro- Premuzic, T., Furnham, A., and von Stumm, S., editors, Handbook of Individual Differences, chapter 1, pages 3-38. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford
• Schalet, B., Durbin, E., & Revelle, W. (2011). Multidimensional structure of the hypomanic personality scale. Psychological Assessment, 23(2):504-522
• Wilt, J., Condon, D., and Revelle, W. (2011). Telemetrics and online data collection: Collecting data at a distance. In Laursen, B., Little, T. D., and Card, N., editors, Handbook of Developmental Research Methods, chapter 10, pages 163-180. Guilford Press, New York
• Wilt, J., Oehlberg, K., & Revelle, W. (2011). Anxiety in personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7):987-993
• Revelle, W., Condon, D., & Wilt, J. (2011). Methodological advances in differential psychology. In Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Furnham, A., and von Stumm, S., editors, Handbook of Individual Differences, chapter 2, pages 39-73. Wiley-Blackwell
• Revelle, W., Wilt, J., & Rosenthal, A. (2010) Individual differences in cognition: New methods for examining the personality-cognition link. in Aleksandra Gruszka, Gerald Matthews, and Blazej Szymura (editors): Handbook of Individual Differences in Cognition: Attention, Memory and Executive Control (pdf of draft)
• Revelle, W. & Scherer, K.R. (2010) Personality and emotion. In the Oxford Companion to the Affective Sciences, Oxford University Press. (pdf of draft)
• Revelle, W. & Zinbarg, R.E. (2009) Coefficients alpha, beta, omega and the glb: comments on Sijtsma. Psychometrika. 74, 1, 145-154 (pdf)
• Wilt, J. & Revelle, W. (2009) Extraversion. In Mark Leary and Rick Hoyle (Editors). Hndbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior. Guilford. p 27-45. (pdf of final draft).
• Revelle, W. (2009) Personality structure and measurement: the contributions of Raymond Cattell, British Journal of Psychology, 100, 253-257. (pdf)
• Revelle, W. & Oehlberg, K. (2008) Integrating experimental and observational personality research--the contributions of Hans Eysenck. Journal of Personality. 76, 6, 1387-1414(pdf of draft)
• Revelle, W. (2009/1010) An overview of the psych pacakge. (A vignette for the psych package). http://personality-project.org/r/overview.pdf.
• Revelle, W. (2009/2010) Using the psych package to generate and test Structural Equation Models. (A vignette for the psych package) http://personality-project.org/r/psych_for_sem.pdf.
• Evans, A. M. & Revelle, W. (2008) Survey and behavioral measurements of interpersonal trust. Journal of Research in Personality. (preprint)
• Revelle, W. & Wilt, J. (2008) Personality is more than reinforcement sensitivity. European Journal of Personality, 22, 5, 407-409.
• Revelle, W. (2008) Association for Research in Personality: the home for psychological generalists. P (newsletter of the Association for Research in Personality. 2. 1-5.
• Ortony, A., Revelle, W. & Zinbarg, R. (2008) Why emotional intelligence needs a fluid component. in Matthews, G., Roberts, R., Zeidner, M. (eds) Emotional Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns. Oxford University Press.123-129.
• Revelle, W. (2008) The contribution of reinforcement sensitivity theory to personality theory. In P. Corr (Ed.) Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality. Cambridge University Press. p 508-527, (pdf of the draft)
• Rafaeli, E., Rogers, G. & Revelle, W. (2007) Affective synchrony: Individual differences in mixed emotions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 915-932. (pdf)
• Zinbarg, R. E. and Revelle, W. and Yovel, I. (2007) Estimating omega_h for Structures Containing Two Group Factors: Perils and Prospects. Applied Psychological Measurement, 21, (2) 135-157.
• Revelle, W. (2007) Experimental Approaches to the Study of Personality, In B. Robins, C. Fraley, and R. Krueger, Personality Research Methods, Guilford. p 37-61. (includes an online appendix simulating experimental data)
• Rafaeli, E. & Revelle, W. (2006). A premature consensus: Are happiness and sadness truly opposite affects? Motivation and Emotion . 30, 1-12.(pdf from Springer). Appendices to this article are available from Eshkol Rafaeli or here.
• Zinbarg, R., Yovel, I., Revelle, W. & McDonald, R. (2006). Estimating generalizability to a universe of indicators that all have one attribute in common: A comparison of estimators for omega. Applied Psychological Measurement, 30, 121-144. DOI: 10.1177/0146621605278814

The Personality Project

Computer Programs developed at the lab

Obviously the most visible program developed at the PMC lab is the psych package which has been released to Cran since 1997.

Other programs that have been developed as stand alone application programs for Macintosh computers. Source code in Lightspeed Pascal is also available. Publications that describe the algorithms or applications of these programs are listed.

ALPHA-VSS-ICLUST

ALPHA-VSS-ICLUST is a general purpose program for scale construction, hierarchical cluster analysis, and applying the Very Simple criterion. Some simple data manipulation options are also available. Hierarchical clustering is done using the alpha and beta criteria of cluster goodness. (Beta is an estimate of the worst split half reliability of a cluster and thus is an estimate of the general factor saturation of a test).

PMC-RT

PMC-RT is a set of simple and choice reaction time procedures allowing for the measurement of rt as well as the assessment of changes in rt over time.

PMC-ANALOGIES

True false or multiple choice geometric analogies that vary in the number of elements and transformations applied per element. Accuracy and rt measures are taken. Elements may vary from 1-4 and transformations from 0-4.

Working-Memory .

Working memory for 2-10 digits following the true false verification of arithmetic problems. Speed and accuracy of the digit verification are reported, as are strict and lax memory scores.

PMC_units

A set of Pascal units that have been developed to allow for standardized programing of psychology experiments and data analysis.

Version of May 18, 2013.