Dimensions of personality and temperament
The search for behavioral taxonomies
- Early taxonomies
- Ancient Greek
- Theophrastus and The Characters
the flatter, the dissembler, the mean, the tactless, the garrulous, the avaricious
- Plato
two dimensions of personality
anxiety and impulsivity
- Hippocrates and Galen: the four temperaments and the four bodily fluids
- sanguine: blood
- phlegmatic: phlegm
- melancholic: black bile
- choleric: yellow bile
- Late 19th--Early 20th Century
- Wundt's dimensions
two dimensions to account for Galen's types
- changeable
- melancholic and phlegmatic versus sanguine and choleric
- excitable
- phlegmatic and sanguine versus melancholic and choleric
- Freud and Jung: Character Types
- Freud: Interaction of character and childrearing
- Oral
- Indulgent: oral erotic -- oral passive
- optimistic, gullible, dependent, manipulative
- Restrictive: oral sadistic, oral agressive
- pessimistic, suspicious, quarrelsome
- Anal
- Indulgent: anal retentive, anal compulsive
- stingy, stubborn, punctual, precise, orderly
- Restrictive: anal agressive, anal expulsive
- cruel, destructive, hostile, disorderly
- Phallic
- Indulgent: phallic-dominant
- vain, proud, domineering, ambitious, virile
- Restrictive: phallic-submissive
- meek, submissive, modest, timid, feminine
- Jung
- Orientations
- Psychological Functioning
- Thinking
- Feeling
- Sensing
- Intuiting
- Popular applications -- psychological typing
- McDougall's domains
- Intellect
- Character
- Temperament
- Disposition
- Temper
- Systematic Analyses of the Personality Sphere
- Dimensions of language
- The lexical hypothesis: Personality sphere as defined by language
- Any difference which makes a difference is measurable
- language reflects reality
- important differences will be expressed in language
- Gordon Allport listed traits
- trait terms selected from unabridged dictionary 18,000
- Allport-Odbert word lists
- stable traits
- fluctuating states
- Raymond Cattell's taxonomic project
- Cattell selected words from Allport 4,504
- grouped by semantic meaning 171
- formed intuitive clusters 36-46
- factored rating scales 12-14
- Univ. Illinois fraternity members
- early use of factor analysis
- formed personality instruments 14-16
- Reanalyses and extensions of Cattell
- Fiske, 1948 - 5 factors
- Tupes and Christal (1958) 5 factors of peer ratings
- Norman (1963) 5 Factors of peer ratings: The "Big 5"
- 1. Surgency/Extraversion
- 2. Agreeableness
- 3. Conscientiousness
- 4. Emotional Stability versus Emotionality
- 5. Culture/Openness
- Digman (1985) 5 factors of ratings (teachers + peers)
- Warren Norman/Jerry Wiggins/Lewis Goldberg
- structure of language
- Norman
- replicated Tupes and Christal
- redid Allport
- read entire Websters 3rd
- meaningful words 2800
- Wiggins
- emphasizes a "circumplex" of meaning
- but this is really just a two dimensional structure
- see also Leary
- no dimension is primary
- Goldberg
- structure of Norman's lists
- clusters based upon meaning
- circumplex descriptions--The Abridged Big Five Circumplex
- language but not reality?
- structure of what people say, not what people do?
- description of the stranger (MacAdams)?
- Dimensions of self report
- Comrey (1985) 8-9 dimensions of self report
- Guilford -- dimensions of self report
- structure of the intellect
- a conceptual model
- orthogonal dimensions of temperament
- Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Scales
- Hogan (1983) 6 dimensions of interpersonal behavior
- Howarth (1976) 6-7 dimensions of self report
- Dimensions of biology and behavior--The "Even Bigger 3"
- H. J. Eysenck (1948-1985) dimensions of behavioral measures
- empirical clustering of behavioral characteristics
- 2-4 dimensions of personality
- introversion-extraversion
- stability-neuroticism
- normality - psychoticism
- low - high intelligence
- Strelau and dimensions of Pavlovian nervous system
- Strength of the nervous system
- Excitation
- Inhibition
- Balance
- Dimensions of behavior or of semantics?
- Semantics
- Passini and Norman (1966)
- peer ratings of strangers
- structure is the same as Norman's peer ratings
- does this imply that big 5 are just semantic
- Mulaik (1964)
- used the adjectives summarizing Norman's scales
- ratings of adjectival structure
- structure of adjectives is same as Norman's
- Mischel (1968)
- critique of trait models in general
- critique of taxonomies in particular
- Shweder and D'Andrade (1980)
- method
- ratings taken of behavior at time it occurs ("on line")
- ratings done from memory
- semantic judgements of similarity
- results
- structure of "on line measures" not the same as memory based
- structure of memory based equivalent to semantic structure
- Behavior
- Norman and Goldberg (1966)
- inter-judge agreement increases with knowledge of target
- structure remains fairly consistent across changes in knowledge of target
- ==> structure is not enough
- Romer and Revelle (1984)
- conceptual replication of Shweder's "on line ratings"
- varied "on line ratings"
- used forced choice (ala Shweder)
- which trait does this behavior represent
- used complete rating of all traits
- how X is this behavior Y?
- structure of "on line ratings" depends upon method
- forced choice categories do not correlate
- on line ratings of traits match memory based
- Borkenau (1992) -- extension of R & R
- Towards consensus on the "Big 5" or the "Five Factor Model"
- cross cultural - Bond, Eysenck
- cross inventory--McCrae and Costa (1987)
- behavioral genetic evidence--Loehlin (1992)
Personality taxonomies and personality theories
general agreement that 4-7 dimensions does a pretty good job of describing others
A taxonomy of taxonomies
- Descriptive: concern is with finding the regularities in behavior rather than explaining them
- Fiske
- Tupes and Christal
- Norman
- Goldberg
- Wiggins
- McCrae and Costa
- Causal: what are the mechanisms that lead to dimensions --"Even Bigger 3"
- Eysenck
- Gray
- Depue
- Tellegen
- Cloninger
- Strelau
- Interrelationships of traits and states
- approach traits - positive states
- avoidance traits - negative states
